Research Paper · Jan 2026

High-Capacity Steganographic Encoding Using Legal Chess PGN

ASB
Atharva Sen Barai
Independent Researcher

Research Summary

This research proposes a specialized steganographic method to conceal encrypted data within syntactically valid chess notation (PGN). By leveraging the deterministic mapping of large integers to legal moves, the system achieves a high-capacity channel that maintains plausible deniability.

How It Works

Integer-to-Move Mapping

Converts encrypted ciphertext into large integers, which are then mapped to legal chess moves based on lexicographical UCI sorting.

Deterministic Selection

Each board state acts as a base-n number system, where 'n' is the number of available legal moves.

Variation Trees

Extends capacity beyond standard mainline plies by utilizing chess variations, allowing for theoretically unbounded storage within a single PGN.

Standard Validation

Generated PGNs pass all standard chess engine validation checks, appearing as legitimate (though potentially complex) games.

Security Architecture

Authenticated Encryption

The system utilizes AES-256-GCM to provide military-grade confidentiality and built-in integrity verification.

  • Tamper Resistance: Decryption fails if PGN moves are altered.
  • Key Derivation: PBKDF2 with 100,000 iterations for password security.
AlgorithmAES-256-GCM
Iterations100k (PBKDF2)

Experimental Performance

Payload SizeChess PliesEncoding Time
10 bytes2515.2 ms
500 bytes2981.24 s
4.3 KB7,74419.6 s
21.8 KB42,416156.2 s

Experience the Technology

The steganographic engine described in this paper is live. Securely encode and decode high-capacity messages using our official experimental tool.